Ophthalmology

What is the earliest sign of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)?

Microaneurysms

List 3 features commonly occurring in Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

1) Retinal hemorrhages

2) Hard exudates

3) Cotton wool spots

What distinguishes Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) from NPDR (NPDR)?

Presence of neovascularization

At what stage of diabetic retinopathy can diabetic maculopathy occur?

Any stage of diabetic retinopathy

Describe an intraretinal microvascular abnormality (IRMA)

Dilated capillaries which can precede neovascularization

What is the normal range for intra-ocular pressure?

10–21 mmHg

What is the most common type of glaucoma?

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)

What optic disc finding is characteristic of glaucoma?

Increased cup-to-disc ratio (optic disc cupping)

What type of vision loss occurs early in glaucoma?

Peripheral vision loss

What is the purpose of gonioscopy in glaucoma diagnosis?

To examine the anterior chamber angle and classify the glaucoma as open or closed angle

How may Marfan syndrome affect the sclerae?

Blue pigmentation

How may Ehlers-Danlos affect the sclerae?

Blue pigmentation

How may osteogenesis imperfecta affect the sclerae?

Blue pigmentation

What ocular abnormality typically occurs in Behçet’s syndrome?

Iritis

What is the commonest ophthalmological problem in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)?

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye) – due to secondary Sjögren’s syndrome

List two ocular complications of rheumatoid arthritis

1) Episcleritis

2) Scleritis

In Horner’s syndrome how is the eyelid affected?

Ptosis

How is the pupil affected in Horner’s syndrome?

Constricted i.e., miotic

In third nerve palsy how is the eyelid affected?

Ptosis

How is intraocular pressure affected in acute glaucoma?

Elevated

How is pupil size affected in acute glaucoma?

Mydriatic i.e., dilated (and fixed)

How is intraocular pressure affected in iritis?

Normal

How is pupil size affected in iritis?

Miotic i.e., constricted (and fixed)

How is intraocular pressure affected in conjunctivitis?

Normal

How is pupil size affected in conjunctivitis?

Normal

How is intraocular pressure affected in subconjunctival haemorrhage?

Normal

In which pathway is the lesion which causes internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)?

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

List the triad of symptoms typical of uveitis

1) Pain – acute unilateral

2) Photophobia

3) Blurred vision

List 3 ocular conditions which may occur in inflammatory bowel disease

1) Episcleritis

2) Uveitis

3) Conjunctivitis

Name the 3 parts of the uvea

1) Iris

2) Ciliary body

3) Choroid

What is the most common type of uveitis?

Anterior uveitis

List 3 autoimmune conditions associated with uveitis

1) Ankylosing spondylitis

2) Sarcoidosis

3) Behçet’s disease

What diagnostic tool is commonly used to identify anterior chamber inflammation?

Slit lamp examination